Yorkist rivalry would later lead to the overthrow of Edward in 1470 and the restoration of Henry VI. Henry, Margaret, and their son fled to Scotland, and the first phase of the war was over. In March 1461, Edward won a decisive victory against the Lancastrians at the Battle of Towton, the bloodiest of the war. York’s son Edward reached London before Margaret and was proclaimed King Edward IV. The Lancastrians then gathered forces in northern England and in December 1460 surprised and killed York outside his castle near Wakefield. An uneasy peace was broken in 1459, and in 1460 the Lancastrians were defeated, and York was granted the right to ascend to the throne upon Henry’s death. The duke of Somerset, Margaret’s great ally, was killed, and Henry was captured by the Yorkists.Īfter the battle, Richard again was made English protector, but in 1456 Margaret regained the upper hand. The bloody encounter lasted less than an hour, and the Yorkists carried the day.
Albans while on the northern road to the capital. On May 22, 1455, York met Henry’s forces at St. York raised an army of 3,000 men, and in May the Yorkists marched to London. When Henry recovered in late 1454, he dismissed York and restored the authority of Margaret, who saw York as a threat to the succession of their son, Prince Edward. Henry and York’s grandfathers were the fourth and third sons of Edward III, respectively. In 1453, Henry lapsed into insanity, and in 1454 Parliament appointed Richard, duke of York, as protector of the realm. At times, his ambitious queen, Margaret of Anjou, effectively controlled the crown. At home, chaos prevailed and lords with private armies challenged Henry VI’s authority.
His son and successor, Henry VI, had few kingly qualities and lost most of the French land his father had conquered. His son, Henry V, was more successful and won major victories in the Hundred Years War against France. The first Lancastrian king was Henry IV in 1399, and rebellion and lawlessness were rife during his reign. The dynastic struggle between the House of York, whose badge was a white rose, and the House of Lancaster, later associated with a red rose, would stretch on for 30 years.īoth families, closely related, claimed the throne through descent from the sons of Edward III, the king of England from 1327 to 1377. Many Lancastrian nobles perished, including Edmund Beaufort, the duke of Somerset, and the king was forced to submit to the rule of his cousin, Richard of York. In the opening battle of England’s War of the Roses, the Yorkists defeat King Henry VI’s Lancastrian forces at St.
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